ROSE

ROSE

·       Rose

A rose may be a woody perennial angiosperm of the Rosa, within the family Rosaceae, or the flower it bears. There area unit over 300 species and thousands of cultivars. They type a gaggle of plants which will be erect shrubs, climbing, or trailing, with stems that are often armed with sharp prickles. Flowers vary in size and form and area unit sometimes giant and showy, in colours ranging from white through yellows and reds.

The name rose comes from French, itself from Latin rosa, which was perhaps borrowed from Oscan, from Greek ρόδον rhódon (Aeolic βρόδον wródon), itself borrowed from Old Persian wrd- (wurdi), related to Avestan varəδa, Sogdian ward, Parthian wâr.

·        Botany

The leaves are borne alternately on the stem. In most species they're five to fifteen centimetres (2.0 to 5.9 in) long, pinnate, with (3–) 5–9 (–13) leaflets and basal stipules; the leaflets usually have a serrated margin, and infrequently a number of tiny prickles on the undersurface of the stem. Most roses area unit deciduous however a number of (particularly from Southeast Asia) area unit evergreen or nearly thus.

The flowers of most species have 5 petals, with the exception of Rosa sericea, which usually has only four. Each flower petal is split into 2 distinct lobes and is typically white or pink, though in a few species yellow or red. Beneath the petals area unit 5 sepals (or within the case of some Rosa sericea, four). These is also long enough to be visible once viewed from on top of and seem as inexperienced points alternating with the rounded petals. There area unit multiple superior ovaries that turn out to be achenes.[4] Roses area unit insect-pollinated in nature.

The aggregate fruit of the rose may be a berry-like structure known as a rose hip. Many of the domestic cultivars don't manufacture hips, because the flowers area unit thus tightly petalous  that they are doing not give access for pollenation. The hips of most species area unit red, however a number of (e.g. Rosa pimpinellifolia) have dark purple to black hips. Each hip contains associate degree outer fleshy layer, the floral cup, that contains 5–160 "seeds" (technically dry single-seeded fruits known as achenes) embedded during a matrix of fine, but stiff, hairs. Rose hips of some species, particularly the rose (Rosa canina) and rugosa rose (Rosa rugosa), area unit terribly made in vitamin C, among the richest sources of any plant. The hips are eaten by fruit-eating birds such as thrushes and waxwings, which then disperse the seeds in their droppings. Some birds, particularly finches, also eat the seeds.

The sharp growths on a rose stem, tho' normally known as "thorns", area unit technically prickles, outgrowths of the stratum (the outer layer of tissue of the stem), in contrast to true thorns, which are modified stems. Rose prickles area unit usually falcate hooks, that aid the rose in hanging onto different vegetation once growing over it. Some species like {rosa|Rosa|genus Rosa|rosid dicot genus} rugosa and Rosa pimpinellifolia have densely packed straight prickles, in all probability associate degree adaptation to scale back browsing by animals, however conjointly probably associate degree adaptation to lure wind-blown sand so scale back erosion and defend their roots (both of those species grow naturally on coastal sand dunes). Despite the presence of prickles, roses area unit oft browsed by cervid. A few species of roses have solely undeveloped prickles that haven't any points.

·        Uses

Roses area unit best called decorative plants adult for his or her flowers within the garden and generally inside. They have been conjointly used for business perfumery and business cut flower crops. Some area unit used as landscape plants, for hedging and for different utilitarian functions like game cowl and slope stabilization.

·        Ornamental plants

The majority of decorative roses area unit hybrids that were bred for his or her flowers. A few, largely species roses area unit fully grown for engaging or scented foliage (such as {rosa|Rosa|genus Rosa|rosid dicot genus} glauca and Rosa rubiginosa), decorative thorns (such as genus Rosa sericea) or for his or her showy fruit (such as Rosa moyesii).

Ornamental roses are cultivated for millennia, with the earliest famed cultivation known  so far from a minimum of five hundred BC in Mediterranean countries, Persia, and China.[5] several thousands of rose hybrids and cultivars are bred and chosen for garden use as flowering plants. Most area unit double-flowered with several or all of the stamens having mutated into further petals.

In the early nineteenth century the Emperor Josephine of France patronized  the event of rose breeding at her gardens at Malmaison. As way back as 1840 a group list over one thousand totally different cultivars, varieties and species was attainable once a rosarium was planted by Loddiges nursery for Abney Park Cemetery, associate degree early Victorian garden memorial park and botanical garden in England.

·        Cut flowers

Roses area unit a preferred crop for each domestic and business cut flowers. Generally they're harvested and cut once in bud, and control in cold conditions till prepared for show at their purpose of sale.

In temperate climates, cut roses area unit typically adult in greenhouses, and in hotter countries they'll even be adult underneath cowl so as to make sure that the flowers aren't damaged by weather which blighter and illness management will be dispensed effectively. Significant quantities area unit big in some tropical countries, and these area unit shipped by air to markets across the globe.[6]

Some reasonably roses area unit unnaturally colored victimization colored water, like rainbow roses.

·        Pests and diseases

Main article: List of pests and diseases of roses

Wild roses area unit host plants for variety of pests and diseases. Many of these affect other plants, including other genera of the Rosaceae.

Cultivated roses area unit typically subject to severe injury from insect, arachnoid and fungous pests and diseases. In several cases they can not be usefully adult while not regular treatment to manage these issues.